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Winona, Minnesota

Coordinates: 44°03′02″N 91°40′06″W / 44.05056°N 91.66833°W / 44.05056; -91.66833
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the city in Minnesota. For other uses, see Winona.

Winona, Minnesota
City
Left-to-right from top-left: the Empire Builder at Winona station, Merchants National Bank, Sugar Loaf, Watkins Incorporated, Basilica of St. Stanislaus, Krueger Library, East Second Street Historic Commercial District, and Garvin Heights City Park.
Left-to-right from top-left: the Empire Builder at Winona station, Merchants National Bank, Sugar Loaf, Watkins Incorporated, Basilica of St. Stanislaus, Krueger Library, East Second Street Historic Commercial District, and Garvin Heights City Park.
Nickname: 
The Island City[1]
Location of the city of Winona within Winona County in the state of Minnesota
Location of the city of Winona
within Winona County
in the state of Minnesota
Coordinates: 44°03′02″N 91°40′06″W / 44.05056°N 91.66833°W / 44.05056; -91.66833
CountryUnited States
StateMinnesota
CountyWinona
Founded1851
IncorporatedMarch 6, 1857
Government
 • TypeMayor - Council
 • MayorScott Sherman[2]
Area
[3]
 • Total
24.32 sq mi (62.98 km2)
 • Land19.03 sq mi (49.29 km2)
 • Water5.29 sq mi (13.70 km2)
Elevation
[4]
659 ft (201 m)
Population
 (2020)[5]
 • Total
25,948
 • Estimate 
(2022)[6]
25,842
 • Density1,363.53/sq mi (526.46/km2)
Time zoneUTC–6 (Central (CST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC–5 (CDT)
ZIP code
55987
Area code507
FIPS code27-71032
GNIS feature ID2397348[4]
Websitecityofwinona.com

Winona (/wɪnˈoʊnə/ win-OH-nə) is a city in and the county seat of Winona County, Minnesota, United States.[7] Located in bluff country on the Mississippi River, its most noticeable physical landmark is Sugar Loaf. The population was 25,948 at the 2020 census.[5]

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Winona, Minnesota

The site was of the village of Keoxa of Dakota people.[8] The city is named after Winona, a figure in a Sioux legend.[9]

European immigrants settled the area in 1851 and laid out the town into lots in 1852 and 1853. The original settlers were immigrants from New England.[10][11] The population increased from 815 in December 1855, to 3,000 in December 1856. In 1856, German immigrants arrived as well.[11] The Germans and the Yankees worked together planting trees and building businesses based on lumber, wheat, steamboating and railroads. Between 1859 and 1900, some 5,000 Poles and closely related Kashubians emigrated to Winona, making up one quarter of the population. Since 80% of them were Kashubians, Winona became known as the "Kashubian Capital of America". As a result of the influx of Polish Catholic immigrants, the Church of St. Stanislaus (now Basilica of St. Stanislaus Kostka) was built.[12] For a time, Winona had more millionaires than any other city of its size in the United States.[11]

The railroad and steamboat transportation industries helped Winona grow into a small city that diversified into wheat milling, and lumber production. In 1856, more than 1,300 steamboats stopped at Winona.[13] The Winona and St. Peter Railroad first segment of 11 miles (18 km) from Winona to Stockton, Minnesota was completed by the end of 1862. Winona then had the second operational railroad in Minnesota, after the St. Paul and Pacific Line from Saint Paul to St. Anthony Falls.[14] In December 1870, the Mississippi River was bridged at Winona by the Winona Rail Bridge.[15] In 1892, a wagon toll-bridge over the Mississippi, a steel high-bridge, was completed and remained in service until the opening of the Main Channel Bridge in 1942.

Winona has two historic districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places that combine into a single local historic district administered by the city's Heritage Preservation Commission.

A bandshell was completed in 1924 for outdoor musical performances and events.[16] The Winona Municipal Band holds concerts there during the summer.

Valley of the Mississippi from Winona, c. 1898
Valley of the Mississippi from Winona, c. 1898

Geography

[edit]
Sugar Loaf in Winona
Winona skyline

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 24.32 square miles (62.99 km2); 19.03 square miles (49.29 km2) is land and 5.29 square miles (13.70 km2) is water.[17] Lock and Dam 5A spans the Mississippi River in Winona. The highway bridge connecting Winona to the Wisconsin side of the river is at approximately River Mile 726 (USACE map 31[18]).

Winona's primary suburbs are Goodview, Stockton, Minnesota City and Rollingstone to the west, Homer to the southeast and Bluff Siding is 3 miles directly across the interstate bridge to the north and Fountain City to the north. Rochester is 44 miles to the west of Winona, La Crescent is 21 miles to the south, and La Crosse is 30 miles to the southeast.

Winona is part of the driftless area, a region never covered by ice during the last ice age, that includes southeastern Minnesota, northeastern Iowa, southwestern Wisconsin and northwestern Illinois.

Latsch Island

Just northeast of the city, connected to Winona via a number of bridges, is Latsch Island. Officially part of the city since 1998, Latsch Island has been home to a unique community of houseboat ("Boathouse") residents for several decades.

The United States Office of Management and Budget has designated Winona as the principal city of the Winona, MN Micropolitan Statistical Area (μSA).[19]

Climate

[edit]

Winona's weather station records the warmest climate of any in Minnesota, with a normal year-round average (1971–2000) temperature of 48.9 °F (9.4 °C)[20] compared to 43.2 °F (6.2 °C) in Austin to the city's southwest or 45.4 °F (7.4 °C) in Minneapolis, to the northwest, which experiences a strong urban heat island effect. Temperatures are generally very mild by Minnesota standards year-round; the January mean is 17.6 °F (−8.0 °C), while that of July is 75.8 °F (24.3 °C). Winona has a humid continental climate (Dfa) with hot, humid summers and cold, snowy winters.

Climate data for Winona Dam 5 A, Minnesota (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 64
(18) 		73
(23) 		88
(31) 		96
(36) 		107
(42) 		106
(41) 		108
(42) 		103
(39) 		102
(39) 		93
(34) 		84
(29) 		66
(19) 		108
(42)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 44.8
(7.1) 		50.2
(10.1) 		65.8
(18.8) 		78.9
(26.1) 		86.9
(30.5) 		92.4
(33.6) 		93.6
(34.2) 		92.0
(33.3) 		87.9
(31.1) 		81.4
(27.4) 		64.1
(17.8) 		49.9
(9.9) 		95.7
(35.4)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 25.0
(−3.9) 		30.2
(−1.0) 		42.3
(5.7) 		56.4
(13.6) 		68.7
(20.4) 		78.4
(25.8) 		82.5
(28.1) 		80.6
(27.0) 		73.2
(22.9) 		59.4
(15.2) 		43.5
(6.4) 		30.7
(−0.7) 		55.9
(13.3)
Daily mean °F (°C) 16.5
(−8.6) 		20.7
(−6.3) 		33.0
(0.6) 		46.5
(8.1) 		58.4
(14.7) 		68.5
(20.3) 		72.8
(22.7) 		71.0
(21.7) 		63.4
(17.4) 		50.4
(10.2) 		36.3
(2.4) 		23.5
(−4.7) 		46.7
(8.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 8.0
(−13.3) 		11.1
(−11.6) 		23.8
(−4.6) 		36.5
(2.5) 		48.0
(8.9) 		58.6
(14.8) 		63.0
(17.2) 		61.4
(16.3) 		53.6
(12.0) 		41.4
(5.2) 		29.2
(−1.6) 		16.3
(−8.7) 		37.6
(3.1)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −15.3
(−26.3) 		−12.1
(−24.5) 		1.3
(−17.1) 		23.4
(−4.8) 		36.0
(2.2) 		46.5
(8.1) 		54.1
(12.3) 		52.3
(11.3) 		40.5
(4.7) 		27.8
(−2.3) 		13.2
(−10.4) 		−6.1
(−21.2) 		−18.9
(−28.3)
Record low °F (°C) −35
(−37) 		−38
(−39) 		−28
(−33) 		4
(−16) 		21
(−6) 		35
(2) 		43
(6) 		33
(1) 		25
(−4) 		7
(−14) 		−11
(−24) 		−31
(−35) 		−38
(−39)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.06
(27) 		1.02
(26) 		1.91
(49) 		3.65
(93) 		4.14
(105) 		4.83
(123) 		4.11
(104) 		4.55
(116) 		3.57
(91) 		2.53
(64) 		1.85
(47) 		1.22
(31) 		34.44
(875)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 9.8
(25) 		9.3
(24) 		5.7
(14) 		1.6
(4.1) 		0.2
(0.51) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		1.4
(3.6) 		9.5
(24) 		37.6
(96)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) 9.6
(24) 		11.4
(29) 		7.7
(20) 		1.1
(2.8) 		0.2
(0.51) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.0
(2.5) 		7.1
(18) 		14.1
(36)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 8.6 7.6 9.0 11.8 13.0 12.2 10.1 9.4 9.5 9.6 7.5 9.0 117.3
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 5.3 4.4 2.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.1 4.7 18.6
Source: NOAA[21][22][23]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18602,464—
18707,192191.9%
188010,20841.9%
189018,20878.4%
190019,7148.3%
191018,583−5.7%
192019,1433.0%
193020,8508.9%
194022,4907.9%
195025,03111.3%
196024,895−0.5%
197026,4386.2%
198025,075−5.2%
199025,3991.3%
200027,0696.6%
201027,5921.9%
202025,948−6.0%
2022 (est.)25,842[6]−0.4%
U.S. Decennial Census[24]
2020 Census[5]
Completed in 1924, the Winona Lake Park Bandshell is a summer performance venue for music and events in Winona, Minnesota
Winona Lake Park Bandshell

2020 census

[edit]

As of the census of 2020,[25] the population was 25,948. The population density was 1,363.5 inhabitants per square mile (526.5/km2). There were 11,525 housing units at an average density of 605.6 per square mile (233.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 89.3% White, 2.8% Black or African American, 2.2% Asian, 0.3% Native American, 1.3% from other races, and 4.2% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 3.2% Hispanic or Latino of any race.

2010 census

[edit]

As of the census of 2010, there were 27,592 people, 10,449 households, and 5,022 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,464.5 inhabitants per square mile (565.4/km2). There were 10,989 housing units at an average density of 583.3 per square mile (225.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.0% White, 1.9% African American, 0.3% Native American, 2.9% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.7% of the population.

There were 10,449 households, of which 20.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.4% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 51.9% were non-families. 35.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.84.

The median age in the city was 26.7 years. 14.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 33.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.5% were from 25 to 44; 20.5% were from 45 to 64; and 13.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.3% male and 52.7% female.

2000 census

[edit]

As of the census of 2000, there were 27,069 residents. The population density was 1,485.0 inhabitants per square mile (573.4/km2). There were 10,666 housing units at an average density of 585.1 per square mile (225.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.47% White, 1.13% African American, 0.23% Native American, 2.65% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.47% from other races, and 1.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.35% of the population.

Ancestries: German (43.2%), Norwegian (15.5%), Polish (14.8%), Irish (13.0%), English (5.5%), French (3.6%).

There were 10,301 households, out of which 23.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.4% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.3% were non-families. 35.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 18.0% under the age of 18, 27.5% from 18 to 24, 22.2% from 25 to 44, 18.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $32,845, and the median income for a family was $48,413. Males had a median income of $31,047 versus $23,302 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,783. About 6.5% of families and 17.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.5% of those under age 18 and 10.7% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

[edit]

Winona is home to the headquarters to many companies including Fastenal, Thern Inc., Knitcraft Corporation, RTP Company, We-No-Nah Canoe,[26] United Building Centers, Badger Equipment Company,[27] Winona Lighting, Hal Leonard Music, WinCraft Sports, and Winona Pattern & Mold.[28] Bay State Milling operates a grain processing facility in Winona and was founded there in 1899.[citation needed]

Watkins Incorporated, a manufacturer of health remedies, baking products, and household goods, was founded in 1868 by J.R. Watkins in Plainview, Minnesota. The company relocated to Winona in 1885. By the early 20th century, J.R. Watkins had become one of the largest direct-sales companies in the United States. The company headquarters, a complex of seven buildings, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Winona is also known as the stained glass capital of the United States.[29] Willet Hauser Architectural Glass, Inc is a North American stained glass firm located in Winona, Minnesota that specializes in the design, fabrication, preservation and restoration of leaded stained glass and faceted glass windows. The studio is one of the oldest in North America.

Fastenal, headquartered in Winona.,[30] ranked number 479 in the 2021 Fortune 500 based on its 2020 revenues. In 2023 Fastenal fell to number 514. https://tcbmag.com/minnesota-now-has-15-fortune-500-companies/ Its stock is a component of the Nasdaq 100 index.

Top employers

[edit]

According to the City's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[31] the largest employers in the city are:

# Employer Type of Business # of Employees Percentage
1 Fastenal Company Commercial/Industrial 1,618 5.00%
2 Winona State University Post-secondary education 1,050 4.19%
3 Winona Health Hospital/Clinic/Health Care 975 3.59%
4 Winona Area Public Schools ISD 861 K-12 education 684 2.20%
5 WinCraft Promotional materials 500 1.75%
6 Saint Mary's University of Minnesota Post-secondary education 450 1.57%
7 TRW Automotive Electronics Industrial machinery 400 1.40%
8 RTP Company Industrial 375 1.31%
9 County of Winona County Government 300 1.05%
10 Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company Electronic Control manufacturer 289 1.01%
— Total principal employers — 6,606 23.07%
— Other employers — 22,019 76.93%
— Total employers — 28,625 100.00%

Arts and culture

[edit]

Architecture

[edit]

In addition to the two NRHP historic districts, Winona has multiple buildings of architectural significance

Culture

[edit]
Winona County History Center

The city offers artistic venues and historical experiences. The city earned the nickname "Stained Glass Capital of the United States" for its stunning religious and secular stained glass pieces.[32][33] The Great River Shakespeare Festival stages professional productions of Shakespeare's plays each summer, while the Minnesota Conservatory for the Arts provides a full spectrum of artistic training and performances.[34] The River Arts Alliance organizes educational programs, community events, and public art projects while fostering a collaborative artist community. Projects include poetry etched into sidewalks on the Winona Poetry Walk.[35] The Winona County History Center, made up of two buildings, the historic Winona Armory and the modern Laird Norton Addition, offers exhibits in its museum and art gallery, and exploration of the region's history in their Laird Lucas Library and Archives.

Landmarks

[edit]

Government

[edit]

Winona is located in Minnesota's 1st congressional district, represented by Brad Finstad, a Republican.[39] At the state level, Winona is located in Senate District 28, represented by Republican Jeremy Miller, and in House District 28A, represented by Democrat Gene Pelowski. Nearby House District 28B is represented by Greg Davids, a Republican. Scott Sherman is mayor.[40]

Presidential election results
Presidential election results[41] 2016 Precinct Results Spreadsheet[42] 2012 Precinct Results Spreadsheet[43] 2008 Precinct Results Spreadsheet[44] 2004 Precinct Results Spreadsheet[45] 2000 Precinct Results Spreadsheet[46]
Year Republican Democratic Third parties
2020 37.4% 5,040 60.0% 8,077 2.6% 354
2016 37.6% 5,188 51.6% 7,120 10.8% 1,489
2012 36.5% 5,455 60.4% 9,015 3.1% 467
2008 34.2% 5,223 63.7% 9,738 2.1% 328
2004 41.0% 6,074 57.1% 8,448 1.9% 281
2000 39.7% 5,186 49.5% 6,465 10.8% 1,418

Education

[edit]
Birds eye view of the university campus
St. Mary's University of Winona

Winona became the site of the first normal school west of the Mississippi in 1858 with the establishment of Winona Normal School (now Winona State University). This was the beginning of Winona's tradition as a center of higher education. In 2018-2019, Winona State University (WSU) had approximately 7,200 undergraduate students and 560 graduate students.[47] WSU is part of the Minnesota State college system.[48]

Saint Mary's College (now Saint Mary's University) was founded as a private Catholic, Lasallian school in 1912.[49] Later, as the necessary opportunity of higher education for women became apparent, the College of Saint Teresa was created. After Saint Mary's became co-ed in 1969,[49] Saint Teresa closed down in 1988, and its facilities are now used, owned, and/or operated by Saint Mary's University of Minnesota, Winona State University, and Cotter High School. Minnesota State College Southeast also has a campus in Winona.[50]

There is a diverse variety of K-12 educational opportunities. Run by Independent School District 861, the local public school system includes five elementary schools (three in the city of Winona), the Winona Middle School, and the Winona Senior High School. The Winona Area Catholic Schools system includes St. Nicholas Hall Primary School, St. Luke Elementary School, Cotter Junior High School, and Cotter Senior High School. St. Martin's School,[51] St. Matthew's School,[52] and Hope Lutheran High School are private Lutheran schools in Winona. Two charter schools, Winona Riverway Learning Community (PreK-12) l,[53] and Bluffview Montessori Charter School (K-8) are located in the city. Bluffview is notable as the first charter Montessori and the second charter school overall in the United States.[54]

Main Square Montessori (MSM) is a nonprofit Montessori learning center for children from the ages of 16 months to six years old in a partnership between the Hiawatha Education Foundation and Cotter Schools.[55]

Several organizations also provide community education. The Minnesota Conservatory for the Arts offers community classes for early childhood through 55+ adult programs in the areas of dance, music, theater, and visual arts.[56] Winona Area Public Schools,[57][58] Winona State University,[59] The City of Winona Parks and Recreation,[60] and Winona Arts Center[61] offer additional community learning opportunities.

Media

[edit]

Print

[edit]

Winona has two newspapers: the Winona Daily News, a daily morning paper; and the Winona Post, a weekly paper with a Wednesday edition.

Television

[edit]

Winona receives TV signals from neighboring cities, including several channels each from La Crosse, Rochester, Eau Claire, and the Twin Cities, although what can be received depends on the location within the area, as the extensive system of valleys and ridges may block any or all signals. There is one local public broadcasting TV network, HBCI, which is available only to subscribers of the HBC cable company.

Radio

[edit]

FM

[edit]
FM radio stations
Frequency Call sign Name Format Owner
88.5 FM K203BR
(KFSI Translator)		 Christian Faith Sound Incorporated
89.5 FM KQAL College Winona State University
92.5 FM KSMR Christian Real Presence Radio
94.3 FM K232CZ
(KSMR Translator)
95.3 FM KGSL KG-95.3 Hot AC Leighton Broadcasting
98.7 FM W274BW
(KWNO-AM Translator)		 News/Talk
99.3 FM KWMN Winona Sports Network Sports
101.1 FM KRIV 101.1 The River Classic Hits
101.9 FM K270AB
(KZSE Translator)		 MPR News Public Radio Minnesota Public Radio
103.9 FM K280EL
(KQYB Translator)		 KQ98 Country Family Radio, Inc.
107.3 FM W297AW
(KLSE Translator)		 Classical MPR Classical Minnesota Public Radio

AM

[edit]
AM radio stations
Frequency Call sign Name Format Owner
1230 AM KWNO News/Talk Leighton Broadcasting
1380 AM KHWK Country

Infrastructure

[edit]

Transportation

[edit]
Main Channel Bridge

U.S. Highway 14, U.S. Highway 61, Minnesota Highway 43 and Wisconsin State Highway 54 are the main routes into the city. Interstate Highway 90 is located a short distance south of the city.

Winona was once served by four railroads; Milwaukee Road, Chicago & North Western, Chicago Great Western and Green Bay & Western, with the Burlington Route trains stopping at a station across the river in Wisconsin. Only the former Milwaukee Road station remains and is now served by Amtrak's Empire Builder daily in each direction between Chicago and Seattle and Portland. As well as the daily Borealis running between Saint Paul, Minnesota and Chicago. The Milwaukee Road is now owned by Canadian Pacific, as is the Dakota, Minnesota & Eastern, which operates the former Chicago & North Western line from Winona to the west.

The Winona Transit Service provides public bus transportation six days per week.[62] The city is also located along the Mississippi River Trail, and the Flyway Trail connects the city to nearby trail systems in Wisconsin.[63] Winona Municipal Airport - Max Conrad Field serves general aviation in the area. It was once served by one passenger airliner, Mississippi Valley Airlines until the mid-1970s.

Notable people

[edit]

Sister cities

[edit]
[edit]
  • View of city and Mississippi River from bluff top.
    View of city and Mississippi River from bluff top.
  • Watkins Museum
    Watkins Museum
  • Polish Cultural Institute and Museum
    Polish Cultural Institute and Museum
  • Minnesota Marine Art Museum
    Minnesota Marine Art Museum
  • Merchants National Bank entry
    Merchants National Bank entry
  • Winona Commercial Historic District
    Winona Commercial Historic District
  • Historic German-American Bank building
    Historic German-American Bank building
  • Winona Commercial Historic District
    Winona Commercial Historic District
  • Historic Winona Hotel building
    Historic Winona Hotel building
  • East Second Street Commercial Historic District
    East Second Street Commercial Historic District
  • Winona County Courthouse
    Winona County Courthouse
  • Historic Winona Savings Bank building
    Historic Winona Savings Bank building
  • Winona City Hall
    Winona City Hall

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Background Information – City of Winona's Evolution" (PDF). Opportunity Winona. Port Authority of Winona. November 3, 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2016. Known as the Island City, Winona...
  2. ^ "Scott D. Sherman | Winona, MN".
  3. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  4. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Winona, Minnesota
  5. ^ a b c "Explore Census Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
  6. ^ a b "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022". United States Census Bureau. December 17, 2023. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
  7. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  8. ^ History of Winona, Olmsted, and Dodge Counties Together with Biographical Matter Statistics, Etc. H.H. Hill. 1884. pp. 352–.
  9. ^ Porter, Cynthya (February 1, 2009). "Homecoming To Explore Roles Of American Indian Women". Diversity Foundation. Winona Daily News (reprint). Archived from the original on July 27, 2020.
  10. ^ Walter Bennick (2012). Winona. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-9425-5.
  11. ^ a b c Minnesota: A State Guide page 263
  12. ^ "Kashubian Capital of America – Bambenek.org". bambenek.org. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
  13. ^ Andrist, Ralph K. (2016). Life on the Mississippi. American Heritage and New Word City. ISBN 9781612309491.
  14. ^ Daniel R. Pratt, Andrew J. Schmidt, Andrea C. Vermeer, and Betsy H. Bradley - Railroads in Minnesota, 1862-1956 MPS. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Aug 2002, St. Paul, MN Section E. Statement of Historic Contexts - I. Railroad Development in Minnesota, 1862-1956
  15. ^ Hubbard, Lucius F. (1908). Minnesota in Three Centuries: 1655-1908 1870. Publishing Society of Minnesota. pp. 359–.
  16. ^ "The Winona Lake Park Bandshell". Winona Municipal Band. July 14, 2015. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
  17. ^ "2020 Gazetteer Files". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
  18. ^ "Upper Mississippi River Navigation Charts". www.mvr.usace.army.mil. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  19. ^ "OMB Bulletin No. 13-01: Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget. February 28, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2013 – via National Archives.
  20. ^ "Winona MN climate". Archived from the original on March 4, 2007. Retrieved December 16, 2007.
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