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Hanafuda

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A typical setup of hanafuda for the game of Koi-Koi, on top a red zabuton with a peony pattern.
A typical setup with hanafuda for playing Koi-Koi

Hanafuda (Japanese: 花札, lit. 'flower cards'[1][2]) are a type of Japanese playing cards. They are typically smaller than Western playing cards, only 5.4 by 3.2 centimetres (2.1 by 1.3 in), but thicker and stiffer.[3] On the face of each card is a depiction of plants, tanzaku (短冊), animals, birds, or man-made objects.[4][5] One single card depicts a human. The back side is usually plain, without a pattern or design of any kind, and traditionally colored either red or black. Hanafuda are used to play a variety of games including Koi-Koi and Hachi-Hachi.

Outside Japan

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In Korea, hanafuda are known as hwatu (Korean: 화투, Hanja: 花鬪, 'flower battle') and made of plastic with a textured back side.[6] The most popular game is Go-stop (Korean: 고스톱), commonly played during special holidays such as Lunar New Year and Chuseok (Korean: 추석).[7][8]

In Hawaii, hanafuda is used to play Sakura.[9] Hanafuda is also played in Micronesia, where it is known as hanahuda and is used to play a four-person game, which is often played in partnerships.[10]

History

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Main article: Karuta

Playing cards were introduced to Japan by the Portuguese in the mid-16th century. The Portuguese deck consisted of 48 cards, with four suits divided into 12 ranks. The first Japanese-made decks made during the Tenshō period (1573–1592) mimicked Portuguese decks and are referred to as Tenshō Karuta. The main game was a trick-taking game intermediate in evolution between Triunfo and Ombre.[11] After Japan closed off all contact with the Western world in 1633, foreign playing cards were banned.[12]

Hana awase cards from ca. 1700, by painter Tosa Mitsunari (1646-1710). A predecessor of hanafuda. This card set contained 100 suits of 4 cards each.

In 1648, Tenshō Karuta were banned by the Tokugawa shogunate.[13] During prohibition, gambling with cards remained highly popular which led to disguised card designs. Each time gambling with a card deck of a particular design became too popular, the government banned it, which then prompted the creation of a new design. This cat-and-mouse game between the government and rebellious gamblers resulted in the creation of increasingly abstract and minimalist regional patterns (地方札). These designs were initially called Yomi Karuta after the popular Poch-like game of Yomi which was known by the 1680s.[14]

Through the Meiwa, An'ei, and Tenmei eras (roughly 1764–1789), a game called Mekuri took the place of Yomi. It became so popular that Yomi Karuta was renamed Mekuri Karuta.[14] Mechanically, Mekuri is similar to Chinese fishing games.[15] Cards became so commonly used for gambling that they were banned in 1791, during the Kansei era. On the other hand, Uta-garuta such as Hyakunin Isshu were officially permitted as being educationally beneficial. So as a loophole to the ban, early hanafuda were made to have old poems on some of the cards, disguising them as Uta-garuta. Remnants of this can be seen via the tanzaku-ranked cards.

The earliest known reference to hana awase (a previous version of hanafuda) is from 1816 when it was recorded as a banned gambling tool. The earliest decks contained between 12, 20, and even 32 suits, each with one high value card, one tanzaku card, and two low-value cards.[16]

As hana awase modernized into hanafuda, it standardized at 12 months (suits) with four rank-like categories. The majority of hanafuda games are descended from Mekuri although Yomi adaptations for the flower cards survived until the 20th century.[14] Though they can still be used for gambling, its structure and design is less convenient than other decks such as Kabufuda. In the Meiji period, playing cards became tolerated by the authorities.

Marufuku Nintendo Card Company building in Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto.
Marufuku Nintendo Card Company building in Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto

In 1889, Fusajiro Yamauchi founded Nintendo for the purposes of producing and selling hand-crafted hanafuda.[17] Nintendo has focused on video games since the 1970s but continues to produce cards in Japan, including themed sets based on Mario, Pokémon, and Kirby.[18][19][20] The Koi-Koi game played with hanafuda is included in Nintendo's own Clubhouse Games (2006) for the Nintendo DS, and Clubhouse Games: 51 Worldwide Classics (2020) for the Nintendo Switch.[21]

Though modern Japanese hanafuda is primarily made today by either of the long-standing Oishi Tengudo (1800) or Nintendo (1889), dozens of others have manufactured hanafuda, such as Angel, Tamura Shogundo, Matsui Tengudo, Ace, Maruē, and many more.[22]

Playing card (fused Jack of Spades and November Hikari) from the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Yale University.

Hanafuda were likely introduced to Korea during the late 1890s[23][24] and to Hawaii in the early 1900s.[9] Since then, companies and individuals in Korea and Hawaii have produced their own hanafuda, sometimes adapting the original Japanese imagery to fit either culture. Also made for western audiences are decks which fuse hanafuda with Toranpu (トランプ, "Trumps" a.k.a. the standard 52-card deck). These decks have indices on all their cards, and introduce a 13th suit which varies considerably by manufacturer (jokers, flowers, objects from japanese imagery, left blank or used as a "snow" suit, left as western Kings, etc.).

Cards

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There are 48 cards total, divided into twelve suits, representing months of the year. Each suit is designated by a flower and has four cards.[25] An extra blank card may be included to serve as a replacement. In Korean hwatu decks, several joker cards (조커패) award various bonuses.[26]

The standard categorizations and point values for each card are as follows. Note that some games change the point values or categorizations of the cards. For example, in the game Hachi-Hachi, all of the November cards count as kasu, and in the game Sakura, the values of the cards are different.

Month / suit

Flower

Hikari

(20 points)

Tane

(10 points)

Tanzaku

(5 points)

Kasu

(1 point)

January

Pine

Crane and Sun Poetry tanzaku
2 cards
February

Plum blossom

Warbling white-eye[a] Poetry tanzaku
2 cards
March

Cherry blossom

Curtain Poetry tanzaku
2 cards
April

Wisteria

Cuckoo[b] Plain tanzaku
2 cards
May

Iris

Eight-plank bridge Plain tanzaku
2 cards
June

Peony[c]

Butterflies Blue tanzaku
2 cards
July

Bush clover[d]

Boar Plain tanzaku
2 cards
August

Susuki grass[e]

Full moon[f] Geese[g]
2 cards
September

Chrysanthemum[h]

Sake cup Blue tanzaku
2 cards
October

Maple

Deer Blue tanzaku
2 cards
November*

Willow

Ono no Michikaze

or figure with umbrella[i]

Swallow[j] Plain tanzaku
(Lightning)
[k] 		1 card
December*

Paulownia

Chinese phoenix
3 cards

* In the Korean hwatu version, the November and December suits are swapped.

Text significance

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A few cards in hanafuda contain Japanese text. Early hanafuda had poems in order to disguise themselves as Uta-garuta, but the text had since been simplified in modern times. In addition to the examples below, the December kasu cards typically display the manufacturer's name and marks, similar to the Ace of spades in western playing cards.

Cards Description
akayoroshi (あかよろし, "red is good") with the hentaigana character 𛀙 for ka
mi-Yoshino (みよしの, "beautiful Yoshino") refers to Yoshino, Nara, known for its Somei-Yoshino hybrid cherry trees
kotobuki (寿, "long life")

Games

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Mekuri-derived games:

Yomi-derived games:

Gabo Japgi/Kabufuda-derived games:

Unicode

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In Unicode, a symbol to represent hanafuda is available at U+1F3B4 🎴 FLOWER PLAYING CARDS in the Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs block.[28] This character is typically rendered as the Full Moon with Red Sky card.[29] It was added as part of Unicode 6.0 in 2010 and added to Unicode Emoji 1.0 in 2015.[29]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ In the mid-Edo period, only the warbling white-eye card had red plum blossoms, while the rest had whitish flowers. Although its eyes are red, hanafuda from the mid-Edo period had a fairly dull color (darker than the leaves of Iris or Paulowinia) and were closer to the color of an actual warbling white-eye.[27]
  2. ^ Hanafuda from the mid-Edo period had no background, only the wisteria and the cuckoo. The color of the flowers were quite pale. Later in the Meiji period, the flowers became darker and red clouds began to appear. Around the 1880s, the current "red crescent moon" began to appear.[27]
  3. ^ In the mid-Edo period, the score cards had a white peony design, while the Kasu had a red peony design or two red and white cards.[27]
  4. ^ In the mid-Edo period, the color of the flowers were quite pale, but in later periods, the color became darker.[27]
  5. ^ Sometimes 芒 susuki is translated as pampas (grass).
  6. ^ The "bright red night sky" is said to have changed from plain or light blue in the early period, to yellow or light pink in the late Edo period, to bright red in the Meiji period. Also, during the era of woodblock printing, the moon was hidden at the bottom or left edge (sometimes a crescent moon). White was the color of the unprinted parts, so it was difficult to paint around it and leave it alone while using woodblocks.[27]
  7. ^ Throughout the Edo period to today, the three geese are depicted flying in the shape of the letter く, but around the 1880s, they were flying in a parallel line like 三 and filled the entire sky. For this reason, geese were considered large birds and formed a yaku with the Crane and Phoenix in some games.[27]
  8. ^ In the mid-Edo period, one of the kasu had a red chrysanthemum while the rest were white chrysanthemums. From the late Edo period onwards, cards with yellow-red flowers began to appear.[27]
  9. ^ Originally, the figure with umbrella was a yōkai (amefurikozō), whom people from the Edo period recognized as the highwayman Sadakurō from the play Kanadehon Chūshingura.[27] In 1886, the publisher Maeda Kihei (前田喜兵衛) negotiated with manufacturers in Kyoto and Osaka to change the design from Sadakurō to the calligrapher Ono no Michikaze to improve the image.
  10. ^ Today, the swallows are brightly colored yellow and red, but in the mid-Edo period, they were normal swallow colors (black with a red throat).[27]
  11. ^ This card's design is significantly different from the other rain cards, but from the Edo to early Meiji periods, it was like other kasu with only a willow tree drawn on it. In the early 1880s, it began being painted solid red, and in the late 1880s, the picture was changed from a sunny willow tree to the lightning drum in the rain.[27]

References

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  1. ^ McLeod, John. "Games played with Flower Cards". pagat.com. Archived from the original on August 6, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
  2. ^ Pakarnian, John, "Game Boy: Glossary of Japanese Gambling Games", Metropolis, January 22, 2010, p. 15.
  3. ^ "Hanafuda | cards". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on September 6, 2019. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  4. ^ "映画「ちはやふる」の隠れた聖地！京都・大石天狗堂". ORICON NEWS. April 13, 2018. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  5. ^ "The Sloperama Hanafuda/Go-Stop Zone". www.sloperama.com. Archived from the original on April 1, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  6. ^ "[한국이 모르는 일본] [4] 화투의 탄생". news.zum.com (in Korean). June 17, 2016. Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  7. ^ Encyclopedia of Korean Seasonal Customs: Encyclopedia of Korean Folklore and Traditional Culture Vol. 1. The National Folk Museum of Korea (South Korea) 길잡이미디어. October 30, 2014. p. 103. ISBN 978-89-92128-92-6.
  8. ^ "⑧추석에 빠질 수 없는 '국민놀이' 화투의 비밀". 일요시사 (in Korean). September 17, 2013. Archived from the original on January 15, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  9. ^ a b "Hanafuda - Hawaii style". West Hawaii Today. February 5, 2012. Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  10. ^ Iramk, Charlene. "Hanahuda". Hanahuda. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  11. ^ Depaulis, Thierry (2009). "Playing the Game: Iberian Triumphs Worldwide". The Playing-Card. Vol 38-2, p. 134-137.
  12. ^ Harris, Blake J., Console Wars: Sega, Nintendo, and the Battle that Defined a Generation, It Books, 2014-May-13. ISBN 978-0062276698. "Chapter 5"
  13. ^ Mann, Sylvia; Wayland, Virginia (1973). The Dragons of Portugal. Farnham: Sanford. p. 46.
  14. ^ a b c Kuromiya Kimihiko. (2005). "Kakkuri: The Last Yomi Game of Japan". The Playing-Card, Vol 33-4. p. 232-235.
  15. ^ McLeod, John; Dummett, Michael (1975). "Hachi-Hachi". The Playing-Card. 3 (4): 26–39.
  16. ^ "江戸時代～昭和時代 伝統の花札一覧 - 日本かるた文化館" (in Japanese). Retrieved October 13, 2023.
  17. ^ Ashcraft, Brian (March 30, 2022). "The Traditional Beauty Of Nintendo's Playing Cards". Kotaku. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
  18. ^ "Nintendo To Release Mario-Themed Japanese Playing Cards". Kotaku Australia. October 21, 2015. Archived from the original on February 8, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  19. ^ "Koi-koi! Nintendo's Pokemon hanafuda cards hitting Japan". Destructoid. October 24, 2013. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  20. ^ "「星のカービィ」が花札に オリジナル役も収録". ねとらぼ (in Japanese). Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  21. ^ Lane, Gavin (May 25, 2020). "Nintendo Shares A Handy Infographic Featuring All 51 Worldwide Classic Clubhouse Games". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on May 26, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
  22. ^ "Japanese Hanafuda Brands". Ways To Play. 1969. Retrieved October 13, 2023.
  23. ^ Kim, Kwang-ŏn. (2004). Tong Asia ŭi nori. Seoul: Minsogwŏn. ISBN 89-5638-121-6. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  24. ^ Fairbairn, John (1991). "Modern Korean cards - a Japanese perspective". The Playing-Card. 20 (2): 68–72.
  25. ^ "Hanafuda: Japanese "Flower Cards" Designed to Circumvent Ban on Western Decks". 99% Invisible. November 2, 2018. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  26. ^ Sloper, Tom. "Go-Stop". www.sloperama.com. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 江橋崇 (2014). 花札. ものと人間の文化史. 法政大学出版局. ISBN 9784588216718.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  28. ^ https://unicode-explorer.com/c/1F3B4
  29. ^ a b https://emojipedia.org/flower-playing-cards
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