Jump to content

Soong Ching-ling

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In this Chinese name, the family name is Soong.
"Song Qingling" redirects here. For the field hockey player, see Song Qingling (field hockey).

Madam
Rosamond Soong Ch'ing-ling
OPC KGC
宋庆龄
Soong in the 1940s
Honorary Chairwoman of China
In office
16 May 1981 – 29 May 1981
Appointed bythe Standing Committee of the 5th National People's Congress on 16 May 1981
PremierZhao Ziyang
Vice Chairwoman of China
In office
27 April 1959 – 17 January 1975
Serving with Dong Biwu
PresidentLiu Shaoqi
Vacant (after 1968)
Preceded byZhu De
Succeeded byUlanhu (1983)
Acting Chairwoman of China
In office
31 October 1968 – 24 February 1972
PremierZhou Enlai
Preceded byLiu Shaoqi (as Chairman)
Succeeded byDong Biwu (as Acting Chairman)
Vice Chairwoman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
In office
17 January 1975 – 29 May 1981
ChairmanZhu De
Vacant[nb]
Ye Jianying
In office
27 September 1954 – 28 April 1959
ChairmanLiu Shaoqi
Vice Chairwoman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
In office
25 December 1954 – 29 April 1959
ChairmanZhou Enlai
Vice Chairwoman of the Central People's Government
In office
1 October 1949 – 27 September 1954
Serving with Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, Li Jishen, Zhang Lan, Gao Gang
ChairmanMao Zedong
Personal details
Born(1893-01-27)27 January 1893
Shanghai, China
Died29 May 1981(1981-05-29) (aged 88)
Beijing, China
Political partyChinese Communist Party (1981)
Other political
affiliations		Kuomintang (1919–1947)
Communist International (1930s–1943)
Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang (1948–1981)
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1915; died 1925)​
Parent(s)Charlie Soong and Ni Kwei-tseng
RelativesSoong Mei-ling (sister)
Chiang Kai-shek (brother-in-law)
Soong Ai-ling (sister)
Alma materWesleyan College
Signature
n.b. ^ Between 1976 and 1978, Soong presided over the meeting of the National People's Congress Standing Committee and performed its powers as head of state in her capacity as the NPCSC First Vice Chairperson.
Soong Ching-ling
Traditional Chinese宋慶齡
Simplified Chinese宋庆龄
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinSòng Qìnglíng
Gwoyeu RomatzyhSonq Chinqling
Wade–GilesSung4 Ch'ing4-ling3
IPA[sʊ̂ŋ tɕʰîŋ.lǐŋ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationSung Hing-lìhng
JyutpingSung3 Hing3-ling4

Rosamond Soong Ch'ing-ling[a] (27 January 1893 – 29 May 1981) was a Chinese political figure. She was the wife of Sun Yat-sen, therefore known by Madame Sun Yat-sen[b] and the "mother of modern China."[1] A member of the Soong family, she and her family played a significant role in shaping the Republic of China. As a prominent leader of the left wing of the Kuomintang (KMT), she founded the Revolutionary Committee of the KMT. She entered the Communist government in 1949, and was the only female, non-Communist head of state of the People's Republic of China. She was named Honorary President of the People's Republic of China and admitted to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), a few weeks before her death in 1981.

Soong married Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the Republic of China and the KMT, as his third wife in 1915 and became a strong advocate for Sun's KMT-CCP coalition, opposing Chiang Kai-shek's split with the CCP in 1927. During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945), she joined her sisters in Chongqing to demonstrate national unity and support for the KMT-CCP alliance. However, during the subsequent Chinese Civil War (1945-1949), she shifted her support to the CCP, leading to a break in ties with her family. After the proclamation of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, she held several prominent positions in the Communist government, including Vice Chairman of the PRC (1949–1954; 1959–1975) and Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (1954–1959; 1975–1981). She traveled abroad during the early 1950s, representing her country at a number of international events.

Following the purge of President Liu Shaoqi in 1968, she and Dong Biwu as Vice Presidents became de facto Heads of State of China until 1972,[2] when Dong was appointed Acting President. During the Cultural Revolution, Soong was protected from being purged, as the top name on A List of Cadres to Be Protected [zh] created by Zhou Enlai. Despite this, her Beijing home was invaded by Red Guards, and her parents' tombs in Shanghai were destroyed.[3] Soong survived the political turmoil of the Cultural Revolution but appeared less frequently after 1976. As the acting Chairwoman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress from 1976 to 1978, Soong was again the acting Head of State, as the office of President had been abolished. During her final illness in May 1981, she was given the special title of "Honorary President of the People's Republic of China".

Names and titles

[edit]

As with the Chinese naming tradition, Soong was the family name, Ching Ling was the first name.[4] Her name is also rendered as Song Qingling in Pinyin.[5] In some early literature, she was referred to as Chung-ling Song,[6][7] a name she used during her time at Wesleyan.[7] While studying there, she adopted the Christian name "Rosamond."[4] Among her close friends at Wesleyan, however, she was more commonly known as Suzie or Suzi.[4]

After marrying Sun Yat-sen in 1925, she became known as Madame Sun Yat-sen.[1] Her daughter-in-law and the wife of Sun Fo, Chen Suk-ying [zh], preferred to be called Mrs Sun, rather than Madame Sun, to avoid confusion.[8] As the wife and widow of the founder of the Chinese Republic, she was honoured as the "mother of modern China,"[1][9][10] by both major political parties in China, KMT and CCP.[11] The KMT, which hailed Sun Yat-sen as the "father of the nation," extended this honour to her as "the mother of the nation."[c] The CCP also occasionally used this title to refer to her. However, she was not Sun's only wife. His original wife, Lu Muzhen, was also sometimes described with the same term.[12]

Following the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949, she assumed a largely symbolic role in the Communist government in Beijing.[1] The CCP still treats Sun Yat-sen as one of the founders of their movement[13] and claim descent from him[14] as he is viewed as a proto-communist[15][16] and the economic element of Sun's ideology was socialism.[13] Premier Zhou Enlai revered her as "the treasure of the country."[17] She was awarded the title of the "Honorary Chairman of the People's Republic of China" before her death. The CCP-led government praised her as "a great patriotic, democratic, internationalist and Communist fighter and an outstanding state leader of China.”[1]

In Taiwan, it was until 1965 when there was the first biography in Taiwan to mention Soong Ching-ling as the wife of Sun Yat-sen.[18] The majority of people, except for those who had fled from the mainland, were largely unaware of Soong Ching-ling until the lifting of martial law in 1987, despite the widespread personality cult surrounding Sun Yat-sen. During the period of time, textbooks in Taiwan referred to Sun’s wife as Lu Muzhen.[19]

Early life and education

[edit]

Soong was born in Shanghai,[d] China on 27 January 1893, though the exact location of her birth remains debated.[20] Her father, Charlie Soong, was a businessman and missionary originally from Wenchang, Hainan.[22] Influenced by his uncle, who ran a grocery store in the United States, Charlie became enamoured with America when he was young.[23] He was converted into Christianity in Wilmington, North Carolina in November 1880 and returned to China for missionary works in 1886.[24] Her mother, Ni Kwei-tseng, was born in Shanghai to a missionary family originally from Yuyao, Zhejiang, which upheld a Christian tradition dating back to the Ming dynasty. She was educated at a high school run by American missionaries in Shanghai, where she met Charlie Soong.[25] Married in 1890,[24] the couple initially engaged in missionary work and business in Kunshan, later continuing their missionary efforts in Chuansha.[25]

Charlie was deeply committed to education in the United States for his daughters.[23] He wanted them to receive a Methodist education, so he enrolled them at McTyeire School for Girls in Shanghai,[26] where Ching-ling studied from 1904 to 1907.[27] Acting on the advice of his missionary friend William Burke, who had ties to the Mulberry Street United Methodist Church in Macon, Charlie sent his eldest daughter Ai-ling to Wesleyan College in 1904.[24]

Ching-ling was among the first government-funded female Chinese students to study in the United States. The group, consisting of ten male and four female students, departed from Shanghai on 1 August 1907 and arrived in Seattle on 28 August, under the escort of Wen Bingzhong [zh], the director of the Foreign Office of the Viceroy of Liangjiang.[28] Ching-ling first attended school in Summit, New Jersey, to study Latin and French to fulfil Wesleyan's entrance requirements.[29] She joined Ai-ling as a full-time college student at Wesleyan in the autumn of 1908, with their youngest sister Mei-ling accompanying them despite being only ten years old.[24]

Although the Soong sisters spent most of their time on campus, they also travelled across the United States, navigating the prevailing anti-Chinese sentiments of the time. They were warmly received by local communities in the American South. In the summer of 1910, Ching-ling and Mei-ling attended summer school together at Fairmount College. In the summer of 1912, they participated in a church-sponsored YMCA conference in Montreat, North Carolina. During several Christmas holidays, they visited Washington, D.C., where they were hosted as guests of the Chinese ambassador.[29]

Leftist Kuomintang

[edit]

Marriage with Sun Yat-sen

[edit]
Sun Yat-sen and Soong Ch'ing-ling wedding photo (1915).

After graduating, Ching-ling's elder sister, Ai-ling, returned to Shanghai in 1908 and became the secretary to Sun Yat-sen.[24] Sun became fascinated with Ai-ling, constantly gazing at her, although Ai-ling did not reciprocate his feelings in the same way.[30] Ching-ling graduated from Wesleyan in 1913, and returned to China via Yokohama, Japan, where she met Sun.[27] Ai-ling resigned in 1914 to marry H. H. Kung, passing the position on to Ching-ling,[24] who admired Sun as the hero who founded the Chinese Republic.[31] In the summer of 1915, Ching-ling returned to Shanghai, asking her parents for their permission to marry Sun, which shocked the family.[32] Ching-ling was confined at home in Shanghai, during which Sun divorced with his wife Lu Mu-zhen.[33]

Despite objections from her father,[24] Ching-ling married Sun Yat-sen on 25 October 1915.[27] There were limited witnesses in their wedding ceremony in Tokyo, which included Wada Mizu, who provided his home for the wedding, Liao Zhong-kai and Liao's 11-year-old daughter Cynthia.[33] The Soong family chased Ching-ling to Tokyo, attempting to dissuade her from the marriage, with her father Charlie even appealing to the Japanese government to denounce Sun. Additionally, many of Sun’s colleagues did not acknowledge Ching-ling as his wife, referring to her as Miss Soong rather than Mrs Sun.[34] As Ching-ling could only speak Shanghainess and English, her husband had to talk with her in English rather than Chinese.[35]

Guangzhou Government

[edit]
See also: Government of the Republic of China in Guangzhou

Sun's political rival, Yuan Shikai, stepped down in 1916 following his short-lived attempt to restore the monarchy.[36] In May of the same year, Sun and Ching-ling returned to Shanghai.[37] In 1917, Sun travelled to Guangzhou to establish a rival government opposing Duan Qirui's Beijing government, while Ching-ling stayed behind in Shanghai. However, Sun’s strong-handed policies alienated the new government in Guangzhou, leading to his expulsion and subsequent departure from the city. The couple began to live together in a large European-styled mansion in Shanghai French Concession.[38]

In November 1920, Sun returned to Guangzhou with the support of local military leader Chen Jiongming to establish a new government. On 7 April 1921, he assumed the title of Grand President of the Republic of China, setting up a breakaway regime to oppose the internationally recognised government in Beijing.[39] However, on 16 June 1922, Chen Jiongming rebelled. During the uprising, Ching-ling chose to stay behind to cover Sun's escape, declaring, "China can do without me; it cannot do without you."[40] During her own flight, Ching-ling suffered a miscarriage and was later informed that she would never be able to conceive again.[41] Ching-ling, thereafter, became respected as Madame Sun Yat-sen.[42]

Third Plenary Session of the KMT Second Central Committee in Wuhan, March 1927. Soong Ching-ling is in the front next to her brother, T. V. Soong.
Mme. Soong Qingling and Dr. Sun Yat-sen seen here with the Rosamonde biplane; the first indigenously designed aircraft in China in which Mme. Soong would fly as a passenger with pilot Huang Guangrui at the controls.

First United Front

[edit]
See also: First United Front

Ching-ling made her way to Shanghai after Sun's escape, where the couple reunited.[43] They met Soviet envoy Adolph Joffe, who had arrived in Shanghai in January 1923. Together, Sun and Joffe issued a joint declaration in which Joffe affirmed that communism or Soviet-style governance would not be imposed on China. Additionally, the Soviet Union pledged to relinquish the special privileges in China that had been inherited from Tsarist Russia. With renewed support in Guangzhou, Sun returned to establish his base once more.[44] Like his husband, Ching-ling never publicly accepted communism.[45]

During a visit to Sun's residence in Shanghai, Chiang Kai-shek encountered Ching-ling's younger sister, Mei-ling, for the first time and became enamoured with her. Subsequently, Chiang divorced his wife in Fenghua and sought Sun's counsel on pursuing Mei-ling. When Sun consulted Ching-ling on the matter, she expressed her strong disapproval. Sun then advised Chiang to wait, and Chiang obeyed.[46]

In 1924, at the invitation of Feng Yuxiang, Sun and Ching-ling travelled to Beijing to negotiate a peace deal with the Beijing government.[45] Sun Yat-sen fell gravely ill after arriving in Beijing on 31 December 1924.[47] In his final days, he recognised that Ching-ling no longer loved him, though she wept uncontrollably and insisted that she still loved him.[47] On 24 February 1925, Wang Jingwei, who was widely considered Sun’s political heir, announced that all of Sun’s belongings would be entrusted to Ching-ling and reaffirmed his commitment to the policies advocated by Soviet advisor Mikhail Borodin.[48] In his last moments, Sun called out “darling,” prompting Ching-ling to cry so bitterly that she fainted. Ching-ling harboured distrust toward Wang Jingwei. Shortly after, her sisters arrived from Shanghai to offer her moral support and safeguard her interests.[47]

Civil war

[edit]
See also: Chinese Civil War


After Sun's death in 1925, Ching-ling was elected to the KMT Central Executive Committee. In June 1925, she actively supported the Canton–Hong Kong strike, stating, "Follow the views of Dr. Sun and act according to his actions. If he knew about this, he would be pleased." She attended key meetings of the Kuomintang, including the Third Plenum in 1927.[49] In 1927, Mei-ling married Chiang, who was about to launch a purge against the CCP.[50] Ching-ling left China for Moscow after the expulsion of the CCP from the KMT in 1927, accusing the KMT of betraying her husband's legacy.[51] After an initial warm public reception in Moscow for the cadre, to which Soong Ching-ling belonged, from 1928 their attempts to establish a leftist Chinese front were frustrated.

Soong Ching-ling with Eugene Chen in Moscow, 1927.

Ching-ling played a significant role in his funeral arrangements in 1929, escorting his coffin to the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing.[49] In 1931, Ching-ling returned to China from Germany, for her mother's funeral.[52] She delivered the offer from Moscow to exchange Chiang Ching-kuo, the son of Chiang Kai-shek, for the arrested Soviet intelligence officer Jakob Rudnik.[53][52] Chiang Kai-shek turned down this offer, although his wife Mei-ling wanted to agreed.[53] Ching-ling hereafter began working for Comintern.[52] In May 1933, Ching-ling contacted Liao Chengzhi on behalf of Comintern to request intelligence from the CCP. In 1934, a memo of Commintern suggests that the local Soviet representative belived it was a mistake to admit her into the Communist Party, which made her lose her unique value.[52]

With financial backing from the Comintern, Ching-ling maintained contact with Moscow through Agnes Smedley and Ruth Weiss. She played a key role in rescuing Communist leaders, including Chen Geng, Liao Chengzhi, and Chen Duxiu, and communicated with the CCP viaher secretary Li Yun. She also provided Dong Jianwu with a special passport signed by Zhang Xueliang, enabling him to link Communist organisations in Shanghai and Shaanxi. At Mao Zedong's request, she sent doctor Ma Haide and journalist Edgar Snow to Yan'an Soviet. Few were aware that she was secretly acting as a Communist agent.[52]

Second United Front

[edit]
See also: Second United Front and Second Sino-Japanese War

On 23 December 1937, to evade Japanese aggression, Ching-ling moved from Shanghai to Hong Kong with her secretary Li Yun.[52] She published influential articles, such as China Unconquerable, and penned letters appealing for global solidarity. In 1938, she founded the China Defence League in Hong Kong, aiming to garner international support for China’s war effort. The organisation mobilised resources, provided humanitarian aid, and published newsletters to raise awareness globally.[49]

The three Soong sisters made public appearances in Hong Kong in favour of relief work until 1940, when the Japanese radio stated that they would evacuate rather than join the Chinese government in Chongqing to endure the war conditions.[54] In response to this, they left for Chongqing, where they continued to appear to boost public morale touring hospitals, air-raid shelter systems and bomb sites during the war. They founded the Indusco organization to protect Chinese industry during wartime conditions, an organization in which Soong Ai-ling was most active of the sisters.[54][49]

Continued civil war

[edit]
See also: Chinese Civil War and Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang

In September 1945, Soong Ching-ling met Mao Zedong in Chongqing.[37] By December, she had left Chongqing for Shanghai, where she restructured the China Defence League into the China Welfare Institute.[37] The organisation continued its support for Communist groups and their army while also engaging in charitable activities for children and social welfare.[37][55] On 23 July 1946, Ching-ling issued an open letter in Shanghai, advocating for a coalition government between the KMT and the CCP and calling for the cessation of American aid to the KMT.[37] In 1948, she was named honorary chairwoman of the Revolutionary Committee of the KMT, a left-wing splinter group claiming to uphold Sun Yat-sen’s legacy.[56]

People's Republic of China

[edit]
Soong Ching-ling and Li Jishen at the Founding Ceremony of the PRC (1949).

Coalition government

[edit]
See also: 1st National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference

With the collapse of the Nationalist government and the Communist victory in the civil war, she left Shanghai in September 1949 to attend the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), convened in Beijing by the Chinese Communist Party to establish a new Central People's Government. On 1 October, she was a guest at the ceremony in Tiananmen Square marking the birth of the new People's Republic of China. The Nationalist government issued an order for her arrest,[57] but this was soon blocked by the swift military victory of the Communists. The KMT fled from mainland China to Taiwan soon after this. Soong was the third person in the new government mentioned by Mao in the founding Proclamation of the People's Republic of China.

Soong was held in great esteem by the victorious Communists, who reckoned her as a link between their movement and Sun's earlier movement.[56] After the formal establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, she became one of six vice chairpeople of the Central People's Government,"[58] and one of several vice-chairpeople of the Sino-Soviet Friendship Association.[58]

In 1950, Soong became chairwoman of the Chinese People's Relief Administration, which combined several organizations dealing with welfare and relief issues. Her China Welfare Fund was reorganized as the China Welfare Institute and began publishing the magazine China Reconstructs, now published as China Today. In 1953, a collection of her writings, Struggle for New China, was published.[59] In April 1951, it was announced that she had been awarded the Stalin Peace Prize for 1950.[59] She donated her Stalin Award to China Welfare Institute, which was then used to establish International Peace Maternity And Child Health Hospital in Shanghai in 1952.

National People's Congress

[edit]
Mao Zedong, Soong Ching-ling and Deng Xiaoping at the 1957 International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties.

In 1953 Soong served on the committees preparing for elections to the new National People's Congress and the drafting of the 1954 constitution. Soong was elected a Shanghai deputy to the first NPC, which adopted the constitution at its first meeting in September 1954. She was elected one of 14 vice-chairpeople of the NPC's standing committee, chaired by Liu Shaoqi. In December of the same year, she was elected a vice-chairwoman of the CPPCC, which became a consultative body, and replaced Liu Shaoqi as chairperson of the Sino-Soviet Friendship Association. During this period, Soong traveled abroad several times, visiting Austria, India, Burma, Pakistan, and Indonesia. Her trips included a January 1953 visit to the Soviet Union, where she was received by Stalin shortly before his death. She visited Moscow again in 1957 with Mao Zedong's delegation to the 40th anniversary of the Russian Revolution.[59]

Soong Ching-ling and Kim Il Sung, the founder of North Korea, were raised Christian in 1958

According to one of Soong's biographers, she had wanted to join the Chinese Communist Party as early as 1957. However, when she asked Liu Shaoqi for permission to join the party, the request was turned down because "it was thought better for the revolution that she not join formally, but that she would thenceforth be informed, and her opinion sought, concerning all important inner-Party events matters, not only those involving the government."[60]

Vice-presidency

[edit]

In April 1959, Soong again served as a Shanghai deputy at the 2nd National People's Congress. At this Congress, Mao Zedong and Zhu De stepped down as President and Vice-President of the People's Republic of China. Liu Shaoqi was elected State Chairman (President), and Soong Ching-ling and Dong Biwu, a senior Communist Party 'elder', were elected Vice President of China. Soong resigned at this time from her positions as vice-chairwoman of the CPPCC National Committee and the NPC Standing Committee.[59] She was re-elected to the post of Vice-chairperson of the PRC at the Third National People's Congress in 1965, and appeared frequently in the early 1960s on ceremonial occasions, often greeting important visitors from abroad.

Cultural revolution

[edit]

During the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), Soong was heavily criticized by Red Guard factions, and in one incident, the marker of her parents' grave was toppled and their bodies exposed.[61] Following this incident Premier Zhou Enlai recommended that Soong Ching-ling be put on a "List of Cadres to be protected." Zhou's recommendation was approved by Mao Zedong.[62] Mao Zedong sent his wife, Jiang Qing, to visit Soong and explain the purpose of the "Cultural Revolution." In response, Soong remarked that it should, above all, avoid harming the innocent, which embarrassed Jiang.[63]

Despite Soong’s support of the CCP, she was skeptical of some radical actions such as the purging of capitalists and party moderates such as Liu Shaoqi from the government.[64] Soong wrote seven letters to criticize the Cultural Revolution Campaign and objected to the excessive violence against her colleagues and other moderates within the CCP.[65] In her letters with friends, Soong called Jiang a "queen" and "shameless bitch."[63]

Late in the Cultural Revolution, during the 4th NPC which approved the 1975 Constitution in January 1975, Soong's term as Vice President of China ended with the abolishment of that post, after which she was again appointed one of the vice-chairwomen of the NPC Standing Committee.[66]

Honorary presidency and death

[edit]

Her last public appearance was on 8 May 1981, when she appeared in a wheelchair at the Great Hall of the People to accept an honorary LL.D. degree from the University of Victoria. A few days later she began running a high fever and was unable to rise again.

On 16 May 1981, less than two weeks before her death, she was admitted to the Communist Party and named Honorary Chairwoman of the People's Republic of China. She is the only person to ever hold this title.[67] Song Renqiong and Liao Chengzhi visited Soong in the hospital and informed her of the Politburo's decision, first in Chinese and then in English for confirmation.[68] Soong died on 29 May, 1981 in Beijing at the age of 88. More than 50 party and state leaders, along with relatives from overseas and close friends, gathered to pay their final respects at her bedside. The Chinese government declared three days of mourning, ordered flags to be lowered at Chinese embassies worldwide, and held a state funeral for Miss Soong on 3 June.[69] Hosted by Hu Yaobang, who was widely expected to become the next chairman of the CCP, the televised mourning ceremony at the Great Hall of the People in central Beijing drew over 10,000 attendees. Notable participants included Hua Guofeng, Deng Xiaoping, and Ye Jianying. In his eulogy, Deng Xiaoping mentioned that Soong, the aunt of then-President of Taiwan Chiang Ching-kuo, had expressed hope for reunification talks between the governments of Beijing and Taipei in the near future.[70]

Memorials

[edit]

Resting place

[edit]
See also: Tomb of Soong Ching-ling

According to her wishes, Soong's cremated remains were placed next to her parents' restored grave in the Soong family burial plot at Shanghai's International Cemetery (Chinese: 万國公墓),[71] which was later renamed in her honor as the Soong Ching-ling Memorial Park (Chinese: 宋庆龄陵园).

Former residence

[edit]

Several of Soong Ch'ing-ling's former residences have also been transformed into museums:

In 1918, Soong and her husband Sun Yat-sen lived in a house in the French Concession of Shanghai. After her husband's death, Soong continued to reside there until 1937. The house has now been converted into a museum dedicated called the Former Residence of Sun Yat-sen. Though dedicated primarily to Sun, it also contains some of Soong's artefacts during their life together.

From 1948 to 1963 Soong Ching-ling lived in the western end of the French Concession in Shanghai. This building is now the Soong Ching-ling Memorial Residence. A memorial hall containing some of her belongings and photographs stands near the entrance. The main building and gardens are preserved in near original state with original furnishings throughout. In the garage are two large cars: one Chinese built Red Flag limousine and another Russian car presented to Soong by Joseph Stalin.

Soong Ching-ling obtained a mansion in Beijing in 1963 where she lived and worked for the rest of her life and received many dignitaries. After her death the site was converted into the Former Residence of Soong Ching-ling as a museum and memorial. The rooms and furniture have been kept as she had used them, and memorabilia are displayed.

Soong Ching Ling Foundation

[edit]
Main article: China Soong Ching Ling Foundation

In 1982, the Chinese government founded the China Soong Ching Ling Foundation, to unite charitable organisations under Soong across China.[72] Soong's charitable foundation in Hong Kong is known as Hong Kong Rosamond Foundation.

Soong Ching Ling School

[edit]

In 2008, the China Welfare Institute founded Soong Ching Ling School in Shanghai.[73]

Honours and awards

[edit]
[edit]

Films

[edit]

Five years after her death, the Honorary President of the People's Republic of China was depicted in the film Dr. Sun Yat-sen. Soong is played by Maggie Cheung in the 1997 Hong Kong movie The Soong Sisters. Since the turn of the Millennium, she has been portrayed by various actresses in several mainland China historical drama movies.

Film
Year Actress Title
1986 Zhang Yan Dr. Sun Yat-sen
1997 Maggie Cheung The Soong Sisters
2009 Xu Qing The Founding of a Republic[79]
2011 Dong Jie The Founding of a Party
Jiang Wenli 1911
2012 Luo Yang Back to 1942
2015 Joan Chen Cairo Declaration
2017 Song Jia The Founding of an Army
2019 Qin Lan Mao Zedong 1949
2021 Liu Shishi 1921

Opera

[edit]

Soong is a main character in Huang Ruo's 2011 Chinese-language western-style opera, Dr. Sun Yat-sen.

Family

[edit]
Further information: Soong sisters and Four big families of the Republic of China


See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ simplified Chinese: 宋庆龄; traditional Chinese: 宋慶齡; pinyin: Sòng Qìnglíng; Wade–Giles: sung4 ch'ing4 ling2
  2. ^ simplified Chinese: 孙夫人; traditional Chinese: 孫夫人; pinyin: Sūn Fūrén; Wade–Giles: sunfu jên2
  3. ^ simplified Chinese: 国母; traditional Chinese: 國母; pinyin: guó mǔ; Wade–Giles: kuo2 mu3
  4. ^ In 1985, Ni Jishi, a cousin of Soong, led a group of researchers to the Soong family residence at 628C Youheng Road in Hongkou, claiming it to be her birthplace, despite the building being constructed in 1912. Her sister Meiling also suggested that Hongkou was the likely location, though their parents had never explicitly told her. Soong had once told her live-in nannies that she was born on Nanshi Tiangua Street. However, the nannies were unable to locate this place in Nanshi. The Cultural Bureau of Chuansha County suggested that the confusion arose because her nannies misunderstood Soong's Shanghainese accent. They proposed that Soong was actually referring to Nanshidi Guo Street in Chuansha.[20][21][22]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Montefiore, Clarissa Sebag (23 December 2015). "Soong Qingling: 'The mother of modern China'". BBC. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  2. ^ Leaders of China (People's Republic of China), zarate.eu from 11 May 2017, retrieved 12 July 2017.
  3. ^ Epstein 1995, pp. 550–551.
  4. ^ a b Epstein 1995, p. 1.
  5. ^ "Song Qingling | Wife of Sun Yat-sen, Nationalist leader". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  6. ^ Mrs. Sun Yat Sen Rides With Army:Warlike Spirit In Marked Contrast To College Days In Georgia. Northwest History. China F-Pir. Famine To Pirates. 1919 To 1935. United States. Spokesman Review.
  7. ^ a b TIME (21 February 1927). "Foreign News: Wise Wives". TIME. Retrieved 23 November 2024. Mrs. Sun Yat Sen. There was another little Chinese girl, and she went to Wesleyan College—amid the scenery of Macon, Ga. Chung-ling Soong was her name, and her two sisters were with her. They sometimes almost romped.
  8. ^ "永远的"上海婆"：宋庆龄与孙中山后人的故事". The Museum of Dr. Sun Yat-sen. Zhongshan, China. 7 November 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  9. ^ "Exhibition honouring 'mother of modern China' to open". RTHK. 24 August 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
  10. ^ Chung-mao, Hsu. "[Photo story] The Soong sisters and their place in Chinese modern history". ThinkChina - Big reads, Opinion & Columns on China. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
  11. ^ Dessima, Williams; CIMTech (1999). "Soong Ching-Ling (1893-1981)". Women Leaders and Transformation in Developing Countries. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University.
  12. ^ Müller, Gotelind (2021). Chinese Grave Problems: The Historical Trajectory of the Republican-Era, Sun-Chiang-Soong Families as Mirrored in Their Tombs. Heidelberg: CrossAsia-Repository. pp. 19–21. doi:10.11588/xarep.00004474. ISBN 978-3-948791-19-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  13. ^ a b "The Guomindang (Kuomintang), the Nationalist Party of China". www.sjsu.edu.
  14. ^ Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany (8 March 2019). "The Chinese Communist Party Is Still Afraid of Sun Yat-Sen's Shadow".
  15. ^ "Tug of war over China's founding father Sun Yat-sen as Communist Party celebrates his legacy". South China Morning Post. 10 November 2016.
  16. ^ "Which is Sun Yat-sen's heir - Communist Party or KMT?". South China Morning Post. 25 November 2016.
  17. ^ Soong Ching Ling: Everlasting Love to Her Homeland (PDF). Hong Kong: Hong Kong Soong Ching Ling Goldkey Training Foundation. 2004.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  18. ^ Lü, Fang-Shang. "Love is Brief but Glory Endures: Gender and Revolution during the Revolution of 1911". 欲掩彌彰：中國歷史文化中的「私」與「情」 [Backpedalled: "Privacy" and "Emotion" in Chinese History and Culture]. Vol. Justice. Taipei, Taiwan: National Central Library. doi:10.29530/gongyi.200309.0373. ISBN 9789576784675.
  19. ^ "台灣觀察：向「國父」孫中山鞠躬致敬的日子". BBC News (in Traditional Chinese). 22 February 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  20. ^ a b "宋庆龄诞生地问题及史料辨析". Mausoleum of Soong Ching Ling. Shanghai: Shanghai Sun Yat-sen and Soong Ching Ling Cultural Relics Management Committee. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
  21. ^ "宋庆龄上海出生地解谜". News.eastday.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
  22. ^ a b 李嘉龍 (2001). "宋耀如一家早期在滬未去川沙--再析宋庆龄誕生地"川沙說"". 《上海志鑑》 (1).
  23. ^ a b Salisbury, Harrison E. (3 June 1972). "Dinner With Mrs. Sun Yat‐sen in Old Peking". New York Times.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g Brannon, Barbara A. (1997). "China's Soong Sisters at Wesleyan". Wesleyan Magazine.
  25. ^ a b ""宋家王朝"的余姚巾帼倪桂珍". Yahoo China (in Simplified Chinese). 20 October 2010. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  26. ^ Hahn 1941, pp. 35.
  27. ^ a b c China Soong Ching Ling Foundation. "Part 2: Dr Sun Yat-sen, Madam Soong Ching-ling and Hong Kong". “Dr Sun Yat-sen, Madam Soong Ching-ling and Hong Kong” Photos Exhibition. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Rosamond Foundation Company Limited. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  28. ^ Chen, David (2022). "Dr. Chi Che Wang's foreign hometown: the career path of the first Chinese woman professional scientist and her transnational migration options in early 1920s" (PDF). Bulletin of Association for the History of Science (in Chinese) (27). Taipei, Taiwan: Association for the History of Science: 138–143.
  29. ^ a b Peng, Juanjuan (2023). "Searching the early lives of the Soong sisters in Macon, Georgia: three Chinese overseas students in the American South" (PDF). International Journal of Asian Studies. 20 (2): 777–792. doi:10.1017/S1479591423000049. ISSN 1479-5914.
  30. ^ Zhang 2019, pp. 53–54.
  31. ^ Zhang 2019, p. 66.
  32. ^ Zhang 2019, p. 68.
  33. ^ a b Zhang 2019, p. 69.
  34. ^ Zhang 2019, p. 70.
  35. ^ "沒共同方言 與妻宋慶齡講英文 - 兩岸". China Times (in Traditional Chinese). Taipei, Taiwan. 10 July 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
  36. ^ Zhang 2019, p. 71.
  37. ^ a b c d e "Chronological Table". Shanghai Soong Ching Ling Foundation. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  38. ^ Zhang 2019, pp. 75–76.
  39. ^ Zhang 2019, pp. 78.
  40. ^ Zhang 2019, pp. 80.
  41. ^ Zhang 2019, pp. 82.
  42. ^ Zhang 2019, pp. 83.
  43. ^ Hahn 1941, p. 102.
  44. ^ Hahn 1941, pp. 103–104.
  45. ^ a b Hahn 1941, p. 108.
  46. ^ Hahn 1941, p. 105.
  47. ^ a b c Zhang 2019, pp. 92.
  48. ^ Zhang 2019, pp. 93.
  49. ^ a b c d China Soong Ching Ling Foundation. "Part 3: Madam Soong Ching-ling and the Japanese Occupation of Hong Kong". “Dr Sun Yat-sen, Madam Soong Ching-ling and Hong Kong” Photos Exhibition. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Rosamond Foundation Company Limited. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  50. ^ "The Soong sisters: Women of influence in 20th Century China". BBC News. 11 October 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  51. ^ Isaacs, Harold R. (1938). "XV. Wuhan: The Debacle". The Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution. London: SECKER & WARBURG.
  52. ^ a b c d e f "秘密黨員宋慶齡——宋慶齡逝世30週年緬懷 – 新華澳報". Jornal San Wa Ou. Macau. 31 May 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  53. ^ a b Larin, Alexander; Lukin, Alexander (2021). "Chiang Ching-kuo's Life in the USSR and Its Possible Formation of His Worldview". Collection of President Chiang Ching-Kuo. Academia Historica.
  54. ^ a b Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Stefanowska, A. D.; Wiles, Sue; Ho, Clara Wing-chung (1998). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-0798-0.
  55. ^ Epstein 1993, p. 437.
  56. ^ a b Song Qingling at Encyclopædia Britannica
  57. ^ "Mme. Sun Yat-Sen Ordered Arrested". Los Angeles Times. 9 October 1949. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012.
  58. ^ a b Klein & Clark 1971, p. 785.
  59. ^ a b c d Klein & Clark 1971, p. 786.
  60. ^ Epstein 1993, p. 491.
  61. ^ Epstein 1995, p. 551.
  62. ^ Epstein 1995, p. 550.
  63. ^ a b "《南方周末》：宋庆龄曾经怒骂江青"无耻婊子"". news.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
  64. ^ "宋庆龄晚年七次书信毛泽东表示反感"文革"_盐城市纪委监委".
  65. ^ "宋庆龄晚年七次书信毛泽东表示反感"文革"_盐城市纪委监委".
  66. ^ Sheng, Yonghua. 《宋庆龄年表》[A Chronology of Song Qingling]. Guangdong People's Press, 2006, 2: 601.
  67. ^ Epstein 1993, pp. 616–617.
  68. ^ 宋任穷 (1996). 宋任穷回忆录（续集）. 解放军出版社. p. 169.
  69. ^ The Associated Press (30 May 1981). "Soong Ching-ling dies in Peking; Widow of Sun Yat-sen was 90". New York Times.
  70. ^ Sterba, James P. (4 June 1981). "Soong Ching-Ling is eulogized by Deng". New York Times.
  71. ^ Avelihiihine-Dubach, Natacha. "The Revival of the Funeral Industry in Shanghai: A Model for China" in Invisible Population: The Place of the Dead in East-Asian Megacities, pp. 79–80. Lexington Books (Lanham), 2012.
  72. ^ "薪火相传向未来——中国宋庆龄基金会40年事业发展亮点特色扫描" [Passing the torch to the future - a scan of the highlights and highlights of China Soong Ching Ling Foundation's 40-year career development]. Xinhua News Agency. 29 May 2022. Archived from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  73. ^ "Globalclassroom .::. UCLA International Institute". www.international.ucla.edu. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
  74. ^ "1944年1月1日国民政府授予宋庆龄的一等卿云勋章". sswgw.org.cn. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  75. ^ "1945年国民政府授予宋庆龄的抗战胜利勋章". sswgw.org.cn. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  76. ^ "宋庆龄接受"巩固国际和平"斯大林国际奖金时的留影". sswgw.org.cn. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  77. ^ "1964年柬埔寨国家元首西哈努克亲王赠送给宋庆龄的"一级柬埔寨王家勋章"". sswgw.org.cn. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  78. ^ "0047 - Soong Ching Ling, Honorary Chairman Of People's Republic Of China". Society for Anglo-Chinese Understanding. 11 April 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  79. ^ Pao, Chwen-Liang (2009). ""The Founding of a Republic"- the Memorial Current" (PDF). Prospect & Exploration (in Chinese). 7 (11). Taipei, Taiwan: Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau: 11–17.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
Government offices
New office Vice Chairperson of the Central People's Government
1949–1954
Served alongside: Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, Li Jishen, Zhang Lan, Gao Gang 		Succeeded byas Vice Chairman of the PRC
Preceded by Vice Chairperson of the People's Republic of China
1959–1975
Served alongside: Dong Biwu 		Vacant
Title next held by
Ulanhu
Preceded byas Chairman of the PRC Acting Head of State of the People's Republic of China
Co-Acting with Dong Biwu as Vice Chairpersons of the PRC
1968–1972 		Succeeded byas Acting Chairman of the PRC
Preceded byas Chairman of the 4th NPCSC Acting Head of State of the People's Republic of China
As acting Chairwoman of the Standing Committee of the 4th National People's Congress
1976–1978 		Succeeded byas Chairman of the 5th NPCSC
Honorary titles
New title Honorary Chair of the All-China Women's Federation
1949–1981
Served alongside: He Xiangning, Cai Chang, Deng Yingchao 		Succeeded by
Honorary President of the People's Republic of China
1981 		Vacant
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&oldid=1259206706"