List of national anthems
(Redirected from National Anthems)
.jpg)
Most nation states have an anthem, defined as "a song, as of praise, devotion, or patriotism";[1] most anthems are either marches or hymns in style. A song or hymn can become a national anthem under the state's constitution, by a law enacted by its legislature, or simply by tradition.[2] A royal anthem is a patriotic song similar to a national anthem, but it specifically praises or prays for a monarch or royal dynasty. Such anthems are usually performed at public appearances by the monarch or during other events of royal importance.[3] Some states use their royal anthem as the national anthem, such as the state anthem of Jordan.
There are multiple claimants to the position of oldest national anthem.[4][5] Among the national anthems, the first to be composed was the Dutch national anthem, the "Wilhelmus", which was written between 1568 and 1572.[6] This has both Dutch and English language versions and is unusual in being an acrostic in both languages. The Japanese anthem, "Kimigayo", employs the oldest lyrics of any national anthem, taking its words from the "Kokin Wakashū", which was first published in 905, yet these words were not set to music until 1880.[7] The first anthem to be officially adopted as such was the Spanish anthem "La Marcha Real", in 1770; its origins remain unclear; it is suggested that it has 16th century Venetian origins, or even that it was composed by king Frederick the Great himself; it is also one of the few national anthems that has never had official lyrics.[8] Anthems became increasingly popular among European states in the 18th century.[9] For example, the British national anthem "God Save the King" was first performed in 1745.[10] The French anthem "La Marseillaise" was written half a century later in 1792, and adopted in 1795.[11]
National anthems are usually written in the most common language of the state, whether de facto or official. States with multiple national languages may offer several versions of their anthem. For instance, Switzerland's national anthem has different lyrics for each of the country's four official languages: French, German, Italian, and Romansh.[12] One of New Zealand's two national anthems is commonly sung with the first verse in Māori ("Aotearoa") and the second in English ("God Defend New Zealand"). The tune is the same but the lyrics have different meanings. South Africa's national anthem is unique in that it is two different songs put together with five of the country's eleven official languages being used, in which each language comprises a stanza.[13]
Denmark and New Zealand are two countries with two official national anthems of equal status. Denmark has two anthems, Der er et yndigt land ("There is a Lovely Country") and Kong Christian stod ved højen mast ("King Christian stood by the lofty mast"). Der er et yndigt land is considered the civil national anthem and is often played at civil and sports events. Kong Christian stod ved højen mast is both a royal and national anthem. New Zealand has two anthems, God Defend New Zealand and God Save the King. God Defend New Zealand was added in 1977 after a petition to Parliament and Queen Elizabeth II's approval. The two anthems are often sung together, with the first verse of God Defend New Zealand in Māori ("Aotearoa") and the second in English.
India has both a national anthem, Jana-gana-mana, and a national song, Vande Mataram. Jana-gana-mana was originally written in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore in 1911 and adopted as the national anthem in 1950. Vande Mataram was composed in Sanskritised Bengali by Bankimchandra Chatterjee in the 1870s and inspired people during their fight for freedom.
UN member states and observer states
[edit]
Partially recognized states
[edit]| State[w] | National anthem | Date adopted | Lyricist | Officially known as | Composer | Audio | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Abkhazia
|
"Aiaaira" ("Victory") |
2007 | Genady Alamiya | "State Anthem of the Republic of Abkhazia" | Valera Çkaduwa | "Aiaaira" | [243] |
 Kosovo
|
"Europe" | 2008 | Mendi Mengjiqi | "Anthem of the Republic of Kosovo" | Mendi Mengjiqi | "Europe" | [244] |
 Northern Cyprus
|
"İstiklâl Marşı" ("Independence March") |
1983 | Mehmet Akif Ersoy | "The Turkish Cypriot State Anthem" | Zeki Üngör | "İstiklâl Marşı" | [245][246] |
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
|
"Yā Banī al-Ṣaḥrāʼ" ("O Sons of the Sahara") |
1976 | unknown | "National Anthem of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" | unknown | "Ya Bani al-Sahra'" | [247] |
 Somaliland
|
"Samo ku waar" ("Live in Eternal Peace") |
1997 | Hassan Sheikh Mumin | "Samo Ku Waar, Somaliland" | Hassan Sheikh Mumin | "Samo ku waar" | [248] |
 South Ossetia
|
"Warzon Iryston!" ("Beloved Ossetia!") |
1995 | Totradz Kokayev | "State Anthem of the Republic of South Ossetia" | Feliks Alborov | "Warzon Iryston!" | [249] |
 Sovereign Military Order of Malta[x]
|
"Ave Crux Alba" ("Hail Thou White Cross") |
1930 | Alfredo Consorti | "Anthem of the Sovereign Order of Malta" | Alfredo Consorti | "Ave Crux Alba" | [250] |
 Taiwan
|
"San Min Chu-i" ("Song of the Three Principles of the People")[y] |
1937 (de facto) 1943 (de jure) |
Sun Yat-sen | "National Anthem of the Republic of China"[z] | Cheng Maoyun | "San Min Zhu Yi" | [251] |
 Transnistria
|
"My slavim tebia, Pridnestrovie" ("We glorify you, Pridnestrovie") |
2000 | Boris Parmenov, Vitaly Pishenko, Nikolay Bozhko | "We chant thy praises of Pridnestrovia" | Boris Alexandrov | "My slavim tebia" | [252][253] |
See also
[edit]- List of former national anthems
- List of regional anthems
- Anthems of the autonomous communities of Spain
- List of U.S. state songs
- Anthems of the Soviet Republics
- Anthem of Europe
- Personal anthem
- Earth anthem
- Olympic Hymn
Notes
[edit]- ^ Only United Nations member states and observer states are included in this table.[14][15]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "God Save the King" is the royal anthem of Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, the Bahamas, Canada, Jamaica, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, the Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu, and one of New Zealand's two national anthems.
- ^ "My Belarusy" was originally adopted by the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
- ^ "Lijepa naša domovino" was originally adopted by the Socialist Republic of Croatia.
- ^ a b "Hymn to Liberty" or "Hymn to Freedom" is the national anthem of both Cyprus and Greece.
- ^ By the power of the Constitution of Cyprus, the Turkish national anthem "İstiklâl Marşı" was used when a Turkish Cypriot representative was present. The practice lasted up to 1963.
- ^ a b Originally adopted by Czechoslovakia as a part of its hymn in 1918 (together with Slovak "Nad Tatrou sa blýska"), and later in 1993 by the Czech Republic (already without the Slovak part).
- ^ Both Danish anthems have equal status.[75]
- ^ First performed in 1848. National anthem status gained through convention after independence in 1917.
- ^ Only the third stanza is the official national anthem.
- ^ Uses the same melody as "God Save the King"
- ^ a b c d This refers to "God Defend New Zealand", not "God Save the King".
- ^ Until the early 20th century, "Sønner av Norge" was the most recognised national anthem of Norway. Also "Norges Skaal" and "Mitt lille land" have at times been described as national anthems. Norway's unofficial royal anthem is "Kongesangen".
- ^ "Ja, vi elsker dette landet" was first performed in 1864, but only gradually came to replace the older national anthem "Sønner av Norge" as de facto national anthem. It was adopted as the official national anthem 11 December 2019.
- ^ Also known by its incipit: "Jeszcze Polska nie zginęła, kiedy my żyjemy" ("Poland Is Not Yet Lost, So long as we still live").
- ^ "Zdravljica" was originally adopted by the Socialist Republic of Slovenia. Only the seventh stanza of the song is the national anthem.
- ^ The "National Anthem of South Africa" is a hybrid of "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" ("God Bless Africa") and "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika"
("The Call of South Africa"). - ^ Declared official "Honor March" by Charles III in 1770, abolished 1820-1823, adopted as official anthem under Isabel II (r. 1833–1868), co-official during 1873-1874 and again abolished 1931-1939. Re-introduced in 1939.
- ^ Sweden's royal anthem is "Kungssången".
- ^ Thailand's royal anthem is "Phleng Sansoen Phra Barami".
- ^ Royal anthem in a number of Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom, but no official status as national anthem.
- ^ Anthems of the Countries of the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland), sometimes described as "national anthems", are not listed here. As non-sovereign states, they are listed at List of regional anthems.
- ^ This list is for those who have declared independence and are partially recognized.
- ^ The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is a sovereign entity under international law with partial recognition.
- ^ "National Banner Song" is used as the alternate state anthem for Taiwan at international sporting events such as the Olympic Games and World Baseball Classic.
- ^ The official state name of Taiwan is the "Republic of China".
References
[edit]- General
- Hang, Xing (2003). Encyclopedia of National Anthems. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4847-4.
- Minahan, James B. (2009). The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-34497-8.
- Specific
- ^ "Anthem". Reference.com. Lexico Publishing Group. Retrieved 26 June 2008.
- ^ "National anthem". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
- ^ "Royal anthem "God Save The Queen"". Department of Canadian Heritage. Archived from the original on 8 August 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2008.
- ^ "What are the world's oldest national anthems?". NationalAnthems.me. Archived from the original on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
- ^ "Oldest national anthems". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ "The Dutch Royal House". Dutch Royal House. Archived from the original on 10 February 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2008.
- ^ Japan Policy Research Institute JPRI Working Paper No. 79 Archived 2 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Published July 2001. Retrieved 7 July 2007
- ^ "Lost for words". The Economist. 26 July 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2008.
- ^ "'Bird's Nest' Ballads: Olympic National Anthems". NPR. 7 August 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2008.
- ^ "God Save the King". The Gentleman's Magazine. 15: 552. October 1745.
- ^ a b "La Marseillaise". Fordham University. Retrieved 17 April 2008.
- ^ "Facts and figures". Government of Switzerland. Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2008.
- ^ Ash, Timothy Garton (17 January 2008). "There are great national anthems – now we need an international one". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 April 2008.
- ^ "List of Member States". United Nations. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
- ^ "List of Observer States". United Nations. Archived from the original on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
- ^ Kłagisz, Mateusz M. P.; Drozdowska, Marta (13 April 2023). "Concepts of hewād 'Homeland' and millat 'Nation' in Modern Pashto-Language Schoolbooks". Iran and the Caucasus. 27 (1): 39–53. doi:10.1163/1573384X-02701003. ISSN 1573-384X.
- ^ Malik, Tasleem; Jan, Faizullah; Ullah, Zia (31 December 2023). "The epistemicide in Afghanistan: an analysis of Taliban's policies towards national and cultural symbols". Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ). 7 (2): 61–80. doi:10.47264/idea.lassij/7.2.4. ISSN 2664-8148. Archived from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 2.
- ^ "National Anthem". Embassy of Algeria. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 10.
- ^ "Angola". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
- ^ "Antigua and Barbuda". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
- ^ Minahan 2009, p. 658.
- ^ "Símbolos Nacionales" [National Symbols] (in Spanish). Presidency of the Argentine Nation. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
La necesidad de tener una canción patriótica, que surgió con la Revolución de Mayo y que el Triunvirato supo comprender, se ve plasmada hoy en el Himno Nacional Argentino, con música de Blas Parera, letra de Vicente López y Planes, y arreglo de Juan P. Esnaola.
- ^ Vega, Carlos (1962). El Himno Nacional Argentino [The Argentine National Anthem] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Eudeba.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 24.
- ^ "The Australian National Anthem". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
- ^ "Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia – National Symbols". Parliament of Australia. 21 September 2005. Archived from the original on 30 August 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2007. (proclamation by Governor-General dated 19 April 1984)
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 31.
- ^ "The National Symbols of the Republic of Azerbaijan". Heydar Aliyev Foundation. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
- ^ "Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət himni haqqında" (PDF). mfa.gov.az. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ "National Symbols". Embassy of the Bahamas to the United States of America. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of The Bahamas. Archived from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ Minahan 2009, p. 664.
- ^ "Bahrain". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ Komol, Khalid Hasan (2012). "Das, Samar". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- ^ "Barbados". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "The National Anthem of Belarus". A Belarus Miscellany. 2005. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008.
- ^ "Указ № 350 ад 2 лiпеня 2002 г." (in Belarusian). 2 July 2002. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008.
- ^ "Courrier des Pays-Bas: La Brabançonne". Retrieved 3 April 2013.
- ^ Francis Martens, La Belgique en chantant, pp. 19–40, in Antoine Pickels and Jacques Sojcher (eds.), Belgique: toujours grande et belle, issues 1–2, Éditions Complexe, Brussels, 1998
- ^ "Belize". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Benin". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ Penjore, Dorji; Kinga, Sonam (2002). The Origin and Description of The National Flag and National Anthem of The Kingdom of Bhutan (PDF). Thimphu: The Centre for Bhutan Studies. p. 14. ISBN 99936-14-01-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^ Blackwell, Amy Hackney (2009). Independence Days: Holidays and Celebrations. Infobase Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-60413-101-7. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
- ^ "Bolivia". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Bosnia Anthem Gets Lyrics After 10 Years", Bosnia Insight, 23 February 2009.
- ^ "Botswana". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ Antunes, Anderson. "A Brief History Of The Brazilian National Anthem, And Why It Is The Tune Of The World Cup". Forbes.
- ^ "Brunei". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Химнът на България през превратностите на времето". socbg.com. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
- ^ "Burkina Faso". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Burundi". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Cambodia". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Cameroon". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ Department of Canadian Heritage. "Patrimoine canadien – Hymne national du Canada". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 26 February 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2008.
- ^ Canada. Parliament, House of Commons. (1964). House of Commons debates, official report. Vol. 11. Queen's Printer. p. 11806.
- ^ DeRocco, David (2008). From sea to sea to sea: a newcomer's guide to Canada. Full Blast Productions. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-0-9784738-4-6.
- ^ Berg, Tiago José (26 November 2012). Hinos de todos os países do mundo. Panda Books. p. 75. ISBN 9788578881917.
- ^ "Central African Republic". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ Zuchora-Walske, Christine (1 January 2009). Chad in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 9781575059563.
- ^ Revista Chilena. "Himno Nacional de Chile". Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ 《中华人民共和国国歌》 [Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guógē, "National Anthem of the People's Republic of China"]. State Council of the People's Republic of China (Beijing), 2015. Accessed 21 January 2015. (in Chinese)
- ^ "Colombia". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Comoros". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "" Debout congolais " : petite histoire d'un grand Hymne !". La Conscience (in French). 29 June 2005. Archived from the original on 24 January 2009. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
- ^ "Congo, Republic of the". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Costa Rica". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "lijep". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Croatian). Novi Liber / Srce. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
- ^ "State emblems". Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (Croatia).
- ^ "Symbols of the cuban nation". www.nacion.cult.cu. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ^ "Cyprus". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Ročník 1993 – Sbírka Zákonů České Republiky" (PDF) (in Czech). Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic. 1993. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2011.
- ^ Gössel, Gabriel; et al. (2008). Kde domov můj: státní hymna České republiky v proměnách doby [The Czech Republic's national anthem down the ages]. Government of the Czech Republic. ISBN 978-80-87041-42-0.
- ^ a b Udenrigsministeriet (6 August 2001). "Instruks for Udenrigstjenesten". Retsinformation. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ a b c "Not One but Two National Anthems". denmark.dk. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
- ^ "NCNA Reports on Djibouti Independence Ceremony". Djibouti: U.S. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 27 June 1977.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 188.
- ^ "Dominican Republic". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Símbolu Nasionál" (in Tetum). Governul Timor-Leste. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
- ^ Presidency of Ecuador Archived 19 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Egypt National Anthem". Egypt Cairo. Archived from the original on 25 October 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
- ^ "El Salvador". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ Cusack, Igor (2005). "African National Anthems: 'Beat the Drums, the Red Lion Has Roared'". Journal of African Cultural Studies. 17 (2): 235–51. doi:10.1080/13696850500448337. JSTOR 4141312. S2CID 163149597.
- ^ "Eritrea". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "The President of the Republic of Estonia: National Symbols". 14 January 2006. Archived from the original on 14 January 2006.
- ^ "National anthem of the Republic of Estonia". Translated by Jenny Wahl. Republic of Estonia. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
- ^ "Eswatini". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ Minahan 2009, p. 830.
- ^ "About Ethiopia". Embassy of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in Ireland. 4 December 2010.
- ^ "Fiji". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "The Finnish national anthem". This Is Finland. Finland Promotion Board, Ministry for Foreign Affairs. 29 March 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
- ^ "Gabon". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Gambia, The". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Georgia". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ^ "Wie die deutsche Nationalhymne nach feucht-fröhlicher Runde entstand" by Claus-Stephan Rehfeld, Deutschlandfunk, 26 August 2016
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 255.
- ^ Εθνικός Ύμνος [National Anthem] (in Greek). www.presidency.gr. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
- ^ "Grenada". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Guatemala". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Guinea". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Guinea-Bissau". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ Cambridge, Vibert C. (21 May 2015). Musical Life in Guyana: History and Politics of Controlling Creativity. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 209–213. ISBN 9781626746442.
- ^ Hall, Michael R. (2012). Historical Dictionary of Haiti. Scarecrow Press. p. 182. ISBN 9780810878105. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
- ^ "Honduras". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "A Himnusz története" [History of Himnusz] (in Hungarian). Retrieved 17 May 2016.
- ^ "A Himnusz ügye az Országgyűlés előtt" [The matter of the anthem before Parliament] (in Hungarian). Retrieved 17 May 2016.
- ^ "Iceland – History". Worldmark Encyclopedia of Nations (12th ed.). Thomson Gale. 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
- ^ Britannica Encyclopedia of India (set of 6 volumes). Encyclopedia Britannica India. 2008. p. 167. ISBN 978-81-8131-008-8.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Indonesia". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 305.
- ^ "Iraq puts new national anthem and flag 'on hold'". Al Arabiya English. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
- ^ "Gov.ie - The National Anthem". Government of Ireland. November 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ "How an unwieldy romantic poem and a Romanian folk song combined to produce 'Hatikva'". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ "Italy finally has an official national anthem". The Local. 16 November 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ "Italy - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 163.
- ^ "Anthem & Pledge - Jamaica Information Service". Jamaica Information Service. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ "Elementary schools face new mandate: Patriotism, 'Kimigayo'". The Japan Times Online. Kyodo News. 29 March 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
- ^ "Kimigayo: Japanese National Anthem". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ "Jordanian Anthem | PBS LearningMedia". PBS & WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 330.
- ^ "Flag and Anthem". Kenya High Commission United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 336.
- ^ "National Anthem of the DPRK". DPRK Today. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ "The National Anthem - Aegukga". Ministry of the Interior and Safety. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 345.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 348.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 352.
- ^ "National Anthem | Website of the President of Latvia". Chancery of the President of Latvia. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ "Lebanese National Anthem - Lebanese Arabic Institute". Lebanese Arabic Institute. 22 November 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 363.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 365.
- ^ "Libyan National Anthem". National Transitional Council. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ "National anthem". Principality of Liechtenstein. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 376.
- ^ "Do you know Luxembourg's national anthem?". Luxembourg Times. 11 December 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 387.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 390.
- ^ "National Anthem". MAMPU. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ "Lanka musician who composed Maldivian national anthem dies". Sun Media Group. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 400.
- ^ "Our national anthem". Times of Malta. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 408.
- ^ "Mauritania". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ "National Anthem". Government of Mauritius. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ "Mexico". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ "Micronesia, Federated States of". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ "The State Anthem of the Republic of Moldova". Presidency of the Republic of Moldova. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ "National Anthem". Prince's Palace of Monaco. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 433.
- ^ Cuddy, Alice (8 October 2018). "Montenegro to fine people who do not stand for national anthem". euronews. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ^ "Žarko Mirković". Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ^ "Ali Squalli, Author of Moroccan National Anthem Dies at 86". Morocco World News. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ "Mozambique". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ "နိုင်ငံတော်သီချင်း ရာဇ၀င်" [State Anthem Chronicle]. 7 Day News Journal. 8 (43).
- ^ Zaw Aung (Monywa) (2015). "ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ ကမာၻမေၾက ဦးစိန္ျမေမာင္နဲ႔ ကဗ်ာဆရာႀကီး စိုင္းခမ္းလိတ္ (ဆရာဝန္)" [Myanmar State, Kaba Ma Kyei, U Sein Mya Maung and poet Sai Kham Late (Doctor)]. MoeMaKa Burmese News & Media (in Burmese).
- ^ နိုင်ငံတော်သီချင်းဥပဒေ [The National Anthem Law] (law, 5(a)) (in Burmese and English). State Peace and Development Council. 2010.
- ^ "National Symbols - GRN Portal". Government of Namibia. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ "Nauru". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ "Nepal's national anthem third in 'The most amazing national anthems' list". Republica. 9 August 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ "Music, lyrics and customs". Royal House of the Netherlands. 24 February 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ "God Defend New Zealand". Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 463.
- ^ "Niger adopts new national anthem". NorthAfricaPost.com. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
- ^ "Nigeria's new anthem, written by a Briton, sparks criticism after a contentious law is passed". Associated Press. 30 May 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
- ^ "Macedonian National Anthem". Virtual Macedonia. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ "Norway". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ "Representantforslag om å vedta at "Ja, vi elsker dette landet" skal anerkjennes som Norges offisielle nasjonalsang". Stortinget. 4 June 2019.
- ^ "Oman". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ "Information of Pakistan". Infopak.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 26 October 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
- ^ "Palau". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
- ^ "National Anthem". Government of Palau. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
- ^ Palestinian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. "Palestinian National Anthem". Archived from the original on 5 February 2009.
- ^ "Panama". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
- ^ Vari, Matthew (11 September 2018). "Oversight keeps National Anthem out of law for 29 years". Papua New Guinea Post-Courier. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 497.
- ^ "National Anthem of Peru". Peru Ministry of Defense. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "Philippine National Anthem". philembassy.org.au. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "National Anthems of Poland". polishmusic.usc.edu. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "Portuguese National Anthem". museu.presidencia.pt. Archived from the original on 24 February 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "National Anthem of Qatar". Royal Thai Embassy, Doha Qatar. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, pp. 525–526.
- ^ "What is the puzzling story behind Russia's national anthem?". Russia Beyond. 7 March 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "Can you sing the national anthem?". The New Times. 15 February 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 535.
- ^ "The National Anthem of Saint Lucia". Government of Saint Lucia. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "National Anthem". Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 340.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 542.
- ^ "National Anthem". Official portal of the Republic of San Marino. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "Drapeau & Hymne" (in French). Government of São Tomé and Príncipe. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "A history of the Saudi national anthem". Al Nisr Publishing. 23 September 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 554.
- ^ "National Symbols and Anthem of the Republic of Serbia". Government of the Republic of Serbia. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "Flag, anthem, emblem, motto: 4 patriotic items that help define Seychelles as a country". Seychelles News Agency. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 563.
- ^ "National Anthem". Government of Singapore. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "Symbols". Slovak government. Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 569.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 572.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 575.
- ^ "National Anthem of Somalia". Somali Embassy in Belgium. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "National anthem". Government of South Africa. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ a b Martell, Peter (11 January 2011). "A Song for South Sudan: Writing a New National Anthem". BBC News. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
- ^ "A song for south Sudan: Writing a new national anthem". BBC News. 12 January 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "National anthem: Why Spain is lost for words". The Local. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "Sri Lankan anthem sung in Tamil for first time since 1949". BBC News. 4 February 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
- ^ "Explained: The troubled history of the Sri Lankan national anthem in Tamil". The Indian Express. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 592.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 594.
- ^ "Sweden". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "The Swiss National Anthem". Swiss National Library. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 609.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 613.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 615.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 618.
- ^ "Togo". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 626.
- ^ "National Anthem". Tonga Royal Family. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "National Anthem". The Office of the President of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 631.
- ^ "Turkish National Anthem". All About Turkey. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 637.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 639.
- ^ "Uganda's National Anthem". The Republic of Uganda. Archived from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "Ukraine". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "United Arab Emirates". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "UAE National Anthem". Protocol Department Dubai. Archived from the original on 14 September 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Berry, Ciara (15 January 2016). "National Anthem". The Royal Family. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "God Save the Queen". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "Star Spangled Banner". Library of Congress. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 659.
- ^ "On National Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan". The Agency for Standardization, Metrology and Certification of Uzbekistan (Uzstandard agency). Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 670.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 674.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 679.
- ^ "National Anthem". Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in the United States of America. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 689.
- ^ "Yemeni National Anthem". Embassy of the Republic of Yemen London. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 692.
- ^ "Zambia National Anthem". Zambia Institute. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 696.
- ^ "Useful information - State symbols". mfaapsny.org. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- ^ "Kosovo Approves Anthem with No Lyrics". Balkan Insight. 11 June 2008. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
Most of the parliamentary groups said they listened to all three shortlisted proposals but opted for the composition called 'Europe' by Mehdi Mengjiqi, which has no lyrics as it would respect the multi-ethnic nature of Kosovo.
- ^ Hakki, Murat Metin (2007). The Cyprus Issue: A Documentary History, 1878-2006. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-392-6.
- ^ Minahan 2009, p. 367.
- ^ Minahan 2009, p. 631.
- ^ "Suena el himno - Somaliland" [Sound of the anthem - Somaliland] (in Spanish). RTVE. 7 August 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ^ "National Anthem of South Ossetia". Hymne-National.com. 4 February 2023. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
- ^ "Anthem of the Sovereign Order of Malta: Ave Crux Alba - Order of Malta". Sovereign Order of Malta - Official website. The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "National anthem". english.president.gov.tw. Office of the President. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
- ^ Smoltczyk, Alexander (24 April 2014). "Hopes Rise in Transnistria of a Russian Annexation". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
- ^ "National anthem" (in Russian). Ministry of Economic Development: Transdniestrian Moldavian Republic. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
Further reading
[edit]- Bristow, Michael Jamieson (2006). National Anthems of the World. Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-36826-6.
- National Anthems from Around the World. Hal Leonard Corporation. 1996. ISBN 978-0-7935-6079-0.
External links
[edit]- List of national anthems on The World Factbook
- Various national anthems performed by the United States Navy Band